This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
The traditional residential university experience could become the preserve of an elite, vice-chancellors are warning.
As universities struggle to cope with outdated funding models, more students will end up learning remotely and part-time, a Universities UK report says.
This may lead to a clear social divide between those receiving two different forms of higher education, it says.
It also warns ministers against decisions that will hurt long-term.
In a report for the vice-chancellors' body, UUK, published ahead of its conference, Prof Geoffrey Crossick says the current model for delivering higher education has been "inherited from the past when it was available to the very few".
And the University of London vice-chancellor argues the system is not financially sustainable and in need of radical reform.
"If mass higher education is too costly for it all to be delivered in traditional ways and with traditional funding, and if the changing demands of the economy require far more flexibility, then a much more diverse system will emerge," he says.
He predicts the range of alternatives will "explode" and that the variety of providers will grow too.
"There will remain a core of comprehensive, primarily residential and (most of them) research-based universities, but for the rest new markets and new business models will make them seem increasingly different."
He adds: "Higher education as a life-course stage will narrow to just one part of the population who experience it."
The rest would get their learning in a range of new ways including distance learning, studying in small modules and from a myriad of providers.
But he says there have to be real concerns about the consequences of these changes for social mobility.
Prof Crossick says: "The division may no longer be between those who get a higher education and those who don't, but between those who get a higher education in a comprehensive traditional university and those who access it through a myriad of providers in often small learning modules.
"Both will be needed by the economy and society, both will be of major benefit to the student and graduate.
"But unless we think about the issues now as we imagine the new system, we might end up with a clear social dividing line between the two forms of receiving higher education."
He acknowledges that universities have to be less costly, but warns against doing things because they are cheap.
If cost is the determining factor, he warns "we may well in 10 years' time deeply regret the wasted opportunity to produce the higher education system" that is required for the future.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
In his regular Go Figure column, Michael Blastland looks at why the people ignored by surveys could be those with the strongest opinions of all.
I'd like you to complete the following questionnaire.
Do surveys of opinion ask sensible questions?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don't know
d. No Answer
Do surveys of opinion allow sensible answers?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don't know
d. No Answer
Which answers are most instructive about public opinion?
a. Yes or No
b. Don't Know
c. No Answer
Michael Blastland“But when an issue is real, specific and maybe here and now, the don't knows and don't cares can quickly change”
Only asking. After all, people are asked what they think about all sorts of things. Is climate change unstoppable? Are tax rises are a good idea? Does extra-terrestrial life exist? Should we build more roads?
I don't know about you, but quite often there seems to me only one sensible answer the questions posed in these attempts to canvass opinion: I don't know.
But that's not really what I mean. What I really mean is: "it depends". And for that reason, I might not answer.
Yet the standard way for pollsters to treat people like me is to ignore them.
"Excluding don't-knows and no answers" say the reports, before telling us that most of us think we should or shouldn't do this or that. It's as if the "don't knows" haven't been paying attention while the "no answers" don't care.
Strip out the apathetic and the ignorant and see what's left, they seem to say.
But isn't it at least arguable that we've thought about it and decided uncertainty is the best response?
Tax rises? When, for who, how much, for how long, for what purpose? Maybe, maybe not. It depends.
Climate change unstoppable? Now where did I put my crystal ball and my vast science library?
Alien life-forms? Unless you've bumped into one lately, withholding judgement seems reasonable enough.
Maarten Hajer, an academic, says that apart from holding reasonable doubts, many people are "citizens on standby". They don't show up in surveys, but they are "people with many political skills... who are not necessarily interested in employing them".
That passivity can change in an instant. Those who "[show] up in surveys as 'not interested in politics', they can transform overnight into activists".
The "don't cares" and "don't knows" may appear meek and mild in the abstract conditions of a survey. But when an issue is real, specific and maybe here and now, they can quickly change to "do care" and "do know".
In short, it depends. But as to whether these people are apathetic or ignorant? They may be. They may be anything but. And if you want to know what might turn citizens on standby into active citizens with strong opinions… ask the don't knows.
Switch that light offFrom time to time, Go Figure promises to show smart ways of seeing numbers. If you've somehow missed it elsewhere, the DECC 2050 energy calculator is worth looking up. There are 134 options for you to play with to change the way we provide and consume energy in the UK: how much land we use for bio energy, how many nuclear power stations we have, what each option does to greenhouse gases and so on. It's worth watching the video first to see how the calculator works. It's all accessible from the 2050 Calculator Tool website
For me, it's equally interesting about the potential for technology to help public argument when it involves quantifiable options: let people play with those options, see the consequences as best we understand them - immediately - and come to their own conclusions.
Here's a screen grab showing just a few of the options. And if you are tempted to have a closer look, here's a little challenge for you: see how much difference you can make to projected UK energy demand by changing people's behaviour.
Whether you believe climate change is real, man-made or not, you might well find this a clever way of encouraging people to engage with the policy problems of energy supply and consumption.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
The plan by the Dove World Outreach Center, a small evangelical church in the US state of Florida, to burn Korans on 11 September has drawn worldwide condemnation.
The Reverend Terry Jones“We must send a clear message to the radical element of Islam.”
Its pastor, the Reverend Terry Jones, says that as an American Christian he has a right to burn Islam's holy book because it is "full of lies".
Despite acknowledging that he has "no experience... whatsoever" of the Koran, he argues that it is "evil" because it espouses something other than Biblical truth and incites radical, violent behaviour among Muslims.
The 58-year-old recently wrote a book entitled Islam is of the Devil.
Muslims consider the Koran the sacred word of God and consider any intentional damage or show of disrespect towards it as deeply offensive .
There are fears that the planned burning will spark international protests by Muslims on a scale similar to those seen after the publication of satirical cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad in a Danish newspaper in 2006.
Already, protesters in Afghanistan have burned an effigy of Mr Jones to chants of "death to America".
"Even the rumour that it might take place has sparked demonstrations such as the one that took place in Kabul," warned the top US and Nato military commander in the country, Gen David Petraeus, earlier this week.
"Were the actual burning to take place, the safety of our soldiers and civilians would be put in jeopardy, and accomplishment of the mission would be made more difficult," he added.
Mr Jones says he sincerely hopes burning Korans will not lead to violence, and dismisses the idea that it may put American troops at greater risk.
"We must send a clear message to the radical element of Islam. We will no longer be controlled and dominated by their fears and threats," he says.
Mr Jones has received more than 100 death threats in recent days and says he has started carrying a pistol as a precaution.
The Dove World Outreach Center, a 50-member church in the city of Gainesville, was founded in 1986 by Donald Northrup.
After he died in 1996, the leadership of the church was taken over by Mr Jones, who had been running a sister church in Cologne, Germany.
Dove World Outreach Center website“Christians must return to the truth and stop hiding.”
Under the pastor, it has been transformed "from a local church to an apostolic church with a world vision", according to its website.
The church follows the Pentecostal tradition, which emphasises the work of the Holy Spirit and the direct experience of the presence of God by the believer.
Pentecostals base their theology on the text of the Bible, which they believe to be the word of God and totally without error. They believe their movement is returning Christianity to a pure and simple form.
"Our purpose and our goal here at Dove World Outreach Center is to get people to stand up. We, as the church, need to stand up for righteousness and for the truth of the Bible," a statement on the church's website states.
"Christians must return to the truth and stop hiding. We need to speak up against sin and call the people to repentance."
It later adds: "Any religion which would profess anything other than this truth is of the devil. This is why we also take a stand against Islam, which teaches that Jesus is not the Son of God, therefore taking away the saving power of Jesus Christ and leading people straight to Hell."
On its blog, the church describes International Burn a Koran Day, on the anniversary of the 11 September 2001 attacks, as "neither an act of love nor of hate".
"We see... that Islam is a danger. We are using this act to warn about the teaching and ideology of Islam, which we do hate as it is hateful," it says.
"We do not hate any people, however. We love, as God loves, all the people in the world and we want them to come to a knowledge of the truth. To warn of danger and harm is a loving act. God is love and truth. If you know the truth it can set you free. The world is in bondage to the massive grip of the lies of Islam."
The church has been denied a permit for a bonfire by the authorities in Gainesville, but Mr Jones plans to go forward with the Koran burning and pay any fines incurred.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
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